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For a Normal consumer, Motherboards are available in Three different sizes. Mini ITX, Micro ATX, and ATX (also called Standard ATX). Mini ITX is the smallest of all the three motherboards, having 2 RAM slots and 1 PCIe X16 slot where you can attach 2 Memory Modules (RAMs) and One Graphics card. There are meager possibilities of upgradability in Mini ITX compared to all of the three and it is made for targeted consumers who are entrusted with building a Compact PC. Usually, those motherboards are a bit more expensive than Micro ATX and ATX because providing a lot of things in a small form factor is a bit expensive and things get to the extreme when you buy a Mini ITX motherboard with a Flagship chipset like Intel Z690 or AMD X570, etc. It sometimes costs double with two fewer RAM slots and some fewer PCIe slots compared to Micro ATX. The next Motherboard size is Micro ATX. It's a very balanced and the proper combination of cost-effectiveness, and upgradability, and a bit smaller in size as well. It's not as small as Mini ITX but still, it's smaller than the ATX motherboard. Usually, these motherboards have two to four ram slots, one to four PCIe X16 slots, and one to three or sometimes four M.2 slots depending upon what motherboard you are buying and what price you are paying. Sometimes companies make Micro ATX motherboards with features of Mini ITX motherboard so that they can provide that motherboard at less price. If you increase the budget a little bit, then you will proper a fully functional Micro ATX motherboard with 4 RAM slots, up to 4 PCIe X16 Slots, and Up to 4 M.2 NVME slots. This motherboard is ideal for building a future-proof and relevantly smaller size PC. The next Motherboard size is ATX also called Standard ATX, This motherboards have up to 4 RAM slots, and up to 8 PCIe slots including PCIEX1 PCIe X2, X8, and X16, with maximum possible M.2 Slots. (Current four is higher in the market) Those motherboards are a bit bigger in size and some people buy Standard ATX motherboards with the intention of building a Big size PC. So that are the main Three Motherboard sizes available for a normal consumer to buy in the market.

Before starting talking about Types of SSDs, it is important to know about the Interface and Protocol. Socket, where we install out SSDs, or any hardware so we connect it to the motherboard, are interfaces. SATA and M.2 are the Interfaces for installing the SSD. AHCI and NVME are the Protocol. SATA port work on AHCI protocol and M.2 Interface work on NVME interface. SATA ports are connected to the chipset and data flows through the Chipset in the case of SATA SSD. Where M.2 Port is directly connected to Processor and connected lanes are known as PCIe (PCI Express) This protocol is also known as NVME (Nonvolatile memory express) As NVME communicates with CPU directly, so it's faster than AHCI. As the Primary M.2 slot of our motherboard is directly connected CPU, It won't support M.2 SATA SSD. Because M.2 SATA SSD works on AHCI Protocol. Remaining M.2 slots other than primary slots are connected to Chipset and those slots support both NVME and AHCI protocol so it accepts both M.2 NVME and M.2 SATA SSD but you must configure it from BIOS for suitable SSD type. So, Physical ports like SATA port and M.2 port are the interface, and Transmission methods like AHCI and NVME are the protocol. Now let's talk about SSDs. There are three main types of SSDs available nowadays. 2.5" SATA SSD, M.2 SATA SSD, M.2 NVME SSD. 2.5' SATA SSD is widely popular in old laptops and old desktops which do not have a physical M.2 port. SATA SSD works on AHCI Protocol and the speed of ACHI protocol is 550 MB/s so this is what practical read-write speed you'll get from a SATA Drive. Next is M.2 SATA, which works on the same protocol as 2.5" SATA SSD, this type of SSD work with a compatible port like a secondary port of the system or any dedicated M.2 SATA port. As it works on AHCI protocol, that's why it gives practical speeds up to 550 MB/s. The next SSD type is M.2 NVME SSD. Those SSDs work on NVME protocol and work awesome with the primary slot of Motherboard which is directly connected to the processor without any intermediate or any controler in between. 3rd Gen of NVME SSDs gives 4GB/s of Data transfer rate (3.5 GB/s Practically) and Gen 4 NVME SSDs vives 8GB/s of speed (7 GB/s Practically). Those NVME SSD won't work on the AHCI port, they will fit perfectly fine in any physical M.2 port whether it's NVME or SATA M.2 Port. But it won't work on SATA M.2 Port. Before buying an M.2 NVME SSD, please make sure your device support one. (Need to check in case of old computers)

If we want to know the actual workings of computers, we have to learn about chipsets in detail and that's what I did in this video. Before starting the chipset, let's discuss North Bridge and South Bridge. a Decayed ago, computer motherboards comes with Northbridge and a south bridge, where Northbridge is responsible for handling data coming from Graphics cards and RAM. RAMs slots and Graphics card slots are connected to Northbridge and Northbridge is connected to Processor. The remaining buses of a system like SATA drives, USB ports, and legacy PCI ports are connected to the Southbridge and Southbridge is connected to the Northbridge, as I told you: the south bridge is connected to Processor. Once you understand that system, let's discuss the working of the system of the Northbridge and the Southbridge. High-performance devices like RAMs and Graphics card communicate with the processor via Northbridge, if Data need to transfer from RAM to the processor, it needs to transfer via Northbridge. If any data need to transfer from Storage to RAM, first that data goes to the south bridge then to the northbridge then to the RAMs. This system is perfectly fine until we require higher bandwidth. After a certain time, we required more bandwidth and computational power, and for that, we eliminated the concept of the north bridge and south bridge and created a new design where we replaced the North and south bridge with a single Chipset. In that system RAMs, Graphics cards, and NVME SSDs are directly connected to the processor along with the chipset. SATA ports, USB ports, Remaining secondary PCIe and M.2 ports are connected to the chipset. If we talk about Intel's Z690 chipset, it comes with DDR5 RAM and PCIe 5.0 support. which are obviously connected to the processor via DIMM slots and PCIe X16 slots. The Primary M.2 port is also connected to the processor directly. The remaining ports like additional M.2 ports, additional PCIe porta, SATA ports, and USB ports are connected to the chipset and the chipset connected to the processor. Talking about AMD's X670 chipset, it only supports DDR5 RAMs. So RAM slots, Primary PCIe X16 slot, Primary M.2 slot, 2X USB 4 Port, USB 3.2 Gen 2 Port and 2 X USB 2 ports, VIdeo output port are directly connected to the processor along with x670 chipset. The remaining ports like additional PCIe X16 ports, M.2 Ports, SATA, and Remaining USBs are connected to the X670 chipset. This is all about Chipset. Please see the video carefully if you have any doubts or ask me in the comment section.

In this video, I explained the VRM section of the motherboard in Hindi. VRM stands for Voltage Regulator Module which is responsible for the power delivery of the processor. VRM section builds in three parts which are MOSFET, Chokes, and capacitors. MOSFET stands for Metal Oxide Semiconductor Feild Effect Transistor. CPU sends instructions to MOSFET about what exact current is required then MOSFET sends the exact current towards the Next portion of the VRM section which is Chokes. Chokes are responsible for providing a stable current. Chokes convert Alternating current coming from MOSFET into a direct current which has the lowest possible fluctuations in current. That stable current then sends toward capacitors which is the final part of the VRM Section. Sometimes there are spikes and dips in current, whenever the excess amount of current comes from MOSFET and Chokes, capacitors store that excess amount of current in itself and whenever current comes less than required then capacitors provide stored current, and finally, the stable current sent toward the processor which is actually usable by the processor. Talking about Phases in the VRM section. Each Choke (Cube-like structure) is considered one phase. If you see some motherboard configurations like 10+2 Phase VRM means that the motherboard has 10 phases dedicated to Processor power delivery and the remaining two are reserved for RAM's power delivery. The more the phases you have, the less the load comes on individual choke, less the heat produced, and the better overclocking experience you will get. Do we really need to think about the VRM section? If you are planning to use a budget Processor like core i3, core i5, Ryzen 3, or Ryzen 5 without Overclocking them, then you can purchase any motherboard without thinking about MOtherboard's VRM section. Because all the budget motherboards are built to run budget to midrange processors on their default clock speed and default TDP without any problem If you are planning to Buy a Flagship Processor like AMD Ryzen 9 7950X or Intel Core i9 13900K then you must think about at least a midrange motherboard with good quality VRM section. If you are planning to overclock those Processors, then you must consider a decent quality motherboard by doing some research on YouTube and the internet.

Refreshing your computer is a printing normal thing lord of people do it for fun and a lot of people do it for making their computer fast Doing refresh for fun is not that bad. By the way in this video, I am going to tell you what refresh actually does with your computer. A decade ago internet is not that stable for launching websites internet connections struggles a lot and the content doesn't load properly in this case you simply press on the refresh button and all the content refreshes again so that missing content was downloaded successfully from the server, as a result, you can see complete website. In today's world refresh place will important role in browsers. For example, you browsing the website of your blogger friend, and he immediately calls you and tell you to check his latest blog but you are unable to see his latest blog on his website because you open that website 10 minute I go and he uploaded his blog 2 minutes ago so your browser has the 10-minute old content as you click on refresh is and load that recently added a blog in your browser. What will be the use of the refresh button on our computer? You right-click on a file or folder and click on send to desktop Just in case the file doesn't show on the desktop you can simply click on refresh so that it can update the desktop database to show that shortcut on your desktop. In the file manager, if you create a folder Justin case it wouldn't be as alphabetically then you can simplify so that the file can be rearranged alphabetically. 2010 basic uses of refresh button in our computer. But a lot of people start the computer and start doing a refresh and refresh and refresh and continuously press F5 for inspiration again and again. Lord of them do it just because of habit with all of them thinking it makes their computer fast and usable. But refreshing your computer takes some processing power, as a result, you're wasting your processing power in refreshing which doesn't matter at all by the way because that causing power is very minor for today's computer. So do a refresh just to satisfy your craving not for making your computer fast.

To provide power to our PCs we need a Power supply. If any power supply consumes 500W that doesn't mean it actually consumes actually 500W from the socket, it may consume 550W, 600W, or even more than 700W. The less power consumption from the socket more the efficient PSU is. Any good quality PSU rated as 80+. Which indicated the PSU provided efficiency by more than 80%. If any PSU is 80+ Bronz then its peak Efficiency is 85%, If PSU is 80+ Platinum then the peak efficiency is around 94%. In the case of generic power supply, we don't have any idea how much efficiency they provide, 60%, 50%, or less. Even if you don't care about efficiency, there are still some major points to consider. Expensive power supplies are not expensive because of their Efficiency ratios, they are expensive because the components used in that PSUs are high quality. 80+ rated power supplies indicate good quality components used in PSU. Generic PSUs don't even come with protection like Over voltage protection, surge protection, circuit breaker, etc. As those PSUs don't know what temperature and voltage are going on because of a lack of sensors and programmed ICs they won't protect you against over-voltage issues. as a result it damages your PC components. To protect your PC components and to be on the safe side it is better to use an 80+ Power supply.

This video divided into 3 Parts. 1) Essential Connectors 2) Power Connectors 3) Small Pins and Headers Also, I discussed some concepts like Single channel, Dual Channel, PCIe, Motherboard, and Power Supply in short. If you want to know those topics in detail. Here are the Detailed Videos. Single Channel Vs Dual Channel: https://youtu.be/abPyUNYE2TI PCI-express and Their Generations: https://youtu.be/b_aPbmTtrLw Modern Motherboard: https://youtu.be/2zGXOfOK6sE Talking about the Esseicial connectors of the motherboard, there are 4 to 5 main essential slots present on the motherboard depending on what motherboard you are talking about. The first slot is the CPU socket: We mount our Processors in this slot. There are 2 main types of slots are there. LGA Socket and PGA Socket. LGA Stands for Land Grid Array. and PGA stands for Pin Grid Array. Both sockets have their own pros and cons. A PGA socket is cheap to manufacture. LGA sockets have a lot of advantages over PGA sockets. LGA socket was able to provide a lot of pins, which allow processors to give you extra pins for additional connectivity which may be between CPU to PCIe, USB4, and many more. Also, LGA socket is capable to deliver more power to the CPU because of their strong connection and additional pins to divide that current. Next Slot is RAM Slot. CPU and RAM slots are connected directly with each other with some bunch of connections. Some bunch of wires connects to one RAM slot and some connect to another RAM slot. If you install only one stick of RAM, then RAM is sending and Receiving Data from only one Channel. Another Channel is kind of useless in that scenario. If you want to utilize both of the Channels, you need to install Two RAM sticks so you can utilize both of the channels so your CPU can perform at optimum levels. You may come with motherboards, which have Four RAM slots, but it is not necessary if they are having Four channels. The first One and Two RAM slots are shared with the First channel and the Third and fourth slots are shared with another channel. If you install both of the RAMs in the same channel, you are still running on a single-channel memory configuration. So make sure you are installing RAMs on the dual channel. Now let's dive into the PCIe slots. PCIe slots come in different sizes like PCIe X1, PCIe X4, PCIe X8, and PCIe X16. Where X1 means CPU and that port are connected with one physical lane. What is Lane? Answer: The combination of Two wires makes a Signal, and the Combination of Two Signals forms a Lane. So, in PCIe X16 there are 16 Lanes allocated between the CPU and PCIe slot. But all slots do not connect to the processor directly. Please refer to this video: https://youtu.be/ETf7k3KdXak PCIe slots are backward compatible, you can install any generation of cards in any generation of PCIe slots. Also, you can also install a PCIe X1 slot into PXIe X16 even if you have an Open-ended slot. Bandwidth limitations are a whole different discussion tough. The next slot is M.2 Slot. Technically M.2 slot is also a PCIe slot with a different form factor. Usually, M.2 Ports connect with the CPU with the Four lanes of PCIe. Second Part of Video: Power Connectors. Usually, all modern motherboards have Two different power connectors on the motherboard. One is the main motherboard power connector also called the 20+4 Pin power connector. Another power connector is the CPU power connector 20+4 pin power connector required to provide power to all the devices connected to motherboards like Low Powered Graphics Cards, CPU Fan, Chasis fans, pumps, and All USB Devices like except RAM and Processor. To provide power to the RAM and processor motherboard have one more Power connector called the CPU power connector. Different motherboards come with different numbers of Pins. The Basi motherboard comes with 4-pin power connectors, Midrange to Hignend motherboard comes with 8-pin power connectors, and some High-end Flagship motherboard comes with 2X 8 pin power connectors. Third Part of Video: Pins and Headers. Usually, cabinets come with 6 Different types of connectors and headers. 1. Front panel connectors. Responsible for the functioning of the Power button, reset button, Power LED, and OS Disk LED. 2. USB 2.0 Headers. 3. USB 3 Connector. 4. Front Panel Audio Headers. 5. Chasis Fans Connectors. 6. RGB or ARGB Headers. All ports connect to the motherboard, refer to the pictures and Graphics Shown in the video to know better. Also, motherboards have a COM header. known as Communication Port, which is used to connect to old COM mice and keyboards. Usually, those connectors can't be used by anyone nowadays. Some motherboards have different proprietary ports. Like mine, ASRock motherboard has TPM header which used to be installed in ASRock's TPM Module. ASUS has a lot of proprietary connectors, especially in their ROG motherboards. So, those are the ports you can see in motherboards:) Sound FX Credit: Pixabay!

The ultimate battle: Laptop vs Desktop Some people think that laptops are the best devices, while others think that desktops are superior. In this video, I will discuss the real facts and compare the pros and cons of both types of computers. What are laptops and desktops? A laptop is a simple machine that has a display, a battery, a keyboard, a trackpad, and other components integrated into a single unit. A laptop is portable and can be used anywhere with a power source. A desktop is a complex machine that consists of many separate parts, such as a monitor, a keyboard, a mouse, a CPU, a GPU, a motherboard, a power supply, and so on. A desktop is usually more powerful and customizable than a laptop, but it requires more space and a stable power supply. TYPES OF LAPTOPS Basic laptops: These laptops have low-end processors (such as U series from Intel or AMD) that are ideal for basic tasks, such as browsing, emailing, or word processing. These laptops do not have any dedicated graphics cards, so they cannot play demanding games or run heavy applications. Mid-range laptops: These laptops have mid-range processors (such as U series from Intel or AMD) and dedicated graphics cards with limited performance. These laptops can handle some light gaming and multitasking, but they have to compromise on power consumption and battery life. Gaming laptops: These laptops have high-end processors (such as H series from Intel or AMD) and full-performance dedicated graphics cards. These laptops are ideal for normal gaming and running intensive applications, but they are also more expensive, heavier, and louder than other laptops. Ultra Pro Max gaming laptops: These laptops have extreme processors (such as HX series from Intel or AMD) and overclocked or extra TGP dedicated graphics cards. These laptops are the most powerful and expensive laptops available, but they also have the shortest battery life and the highest heat output. TYPES OF DESKTOPS Custom desktops: These desktops allow you to create your own category according to your needs and budget. You can choose any component you want, such as the processor, the graphics card, the RAM, the storage, the cooling system, and so on. You can also upgrade or replace any component in the future. Pre-built desktops: These desktops are already assembled and configured by the manufacturer or the seller. They usually have a fixed set of components that are optimized for a certain purpose, such as gaming, editing, or streaming. They are easier to buy and use, but they are also less flexible and customizable than custom desktops. PROS AND CONS Laptops and desktops have their own strengths and weaknesses, depending on your preferences and needs. Here are some of the main factors to consider: Upgradability: Laptops are generally not upgradable, except for the storage and the RAM in some models. (Technically, it is possible to upgrade the processor or the graphics card in some laptops, but it is very difficult and risky.) Desktops, on the other hand, are fully upgradable and can be improved or modified at any time. Portability: Laptops give you the freedom to work or play on any spot, as long as you have a power source. You can also carry them around easily and use them in different places. Desktops keep you working or playing on a fixed static place, and they are not easy to move or transport. Power consumption: Laptops consume less power than desktops, and they can also run on battery power when there is no electricity. Laptops give you peace of mind in power cuts, as they can save your work and prevent data loss. Desktops consume more power than laptops, and they require a stable and continuous power supply. If you do not have a good quality inverter, desktops lose their power in power cuts, resulting in loss of project files and wastage of time. Performance: Desktops usually have better performance than laptops, as they have more powerful and efficient components, more cooling options, and more room for expansion. Desktops can handle more demanding tasks and applications, and they can also support multiple monitors and peripherals. Laptops have lower performance than desktops, as they have to balance power and portability. Laptops have limited components, limited cooling options, and limited room for expansion. Laptops can handle some moderate tasks and applications, but they may struggle with heavy workloads and high-end gaming. CONCLUSION: There is no definitive answer to which one is better, as it depends on your personal preferences, needs, and budget. Here are some general guidelines to help you decide: If you need a machine that is portable, convenient, and energy-efficient, then a laptop is the best for you. If you need a machine that is powerful, customizable, and upgradable, then a desktop is the best for you. ____________________________________ Music track: Okay Energy by Aylex Source: https://freetouse.com/music Free Music No Copyright (Safe)